An overview of the potential for processing mineral technogenic formations in Kazakhstan, including economic, environmental and social aspects. Assessment of potential reserves of critical raw materials in the tailings in Kazakhstan. Examples of successful tailings treatment projects using new technologies and approaches. Conclusions and recommendations of the UNECE pilot project aimed at strengthening the safety of TMFs in Kazakhstan and beyond in Central Asia. Potential of the proposed tax incentives for the development of metal extraction from man-made mineral formations (mining and metallurgical waste, including tailings, overburden, etc.).