Kazakhstan has significant mineral potential, but large-scale investments are needed to fully realise it. According to government data, $1 billion of private investment has been attracted in geology over the past five years. The Government is planning to spend around $ 140 million on various mineral exploration activities and programs between 2025-27. For comparison, in 2024 state funding of geological exploration exceeded $ 1 billion. Chile allocated $ 832 million for geological research. What role do international exchanges and national stock exchanges, institutional investors and banks play in financing exploration projects in Kazakhstan?